PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I.         INTRODUCTION

II.       HISTORICAL, CULTURAL CONCEPT OF CENTRAL ASIA IN WORLD

          HISTORY

III.    GEOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE OF THE REGION

1. TUNDRA
2. FOREST ZONE
3. STEPPE ZONE
4. DESERT ZONE
5. THE HISTORICAL CONCEPT AND THE GEOGRAPHICAL SETTING OF CENTRAL ASIA

IV.    PREHISTORY AND THE EARLY INHABITANTS OF INNER ASIA

1. PRE-HISTORIC CULTURES OF INNER ASIA
2. EARLY INHABITANTS OF INNER ASIA

V.      ETHNICITY: TURKS, MONGOLS AND OTHERS

VI.     ALTAIC LANGUAGE FAMILY AND TURKIC LANGUAGES

VII.    MAJOR EVENTS RELEVANT TO INNER ASIAN POLITICAL HISTORY

          UP TO 11^th CENTURY

 

VIII.  CULTURE, SOCIAL STRUCTURE AND RELIGION IN INNER ASIA UP TO

         11^th CENTURY

1. ATIONAL IDENTITY AND SOCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
2. RELIGIONS OF CENTRAL ASIA UP TO ISLAM
3. ACCEPTANCE OF ISLAM, A GREAT TURNING POINT IN TURKISH HISTORY

 IX.    TURKIZATION OF ASIA MINOR, FORMATION OF ANATOLIAN

          SELJUKS, ILKHANITES AND EMERGENCE OF THE OTTOMAN

          EMPIRE

1. ETHNIC AND CULTURAL COMPOSITION OF ANATOLIAN PENINSULA BEFORE 1071
2. TURKISH MIGRATION TO ANATOLIA AFTER 1071 AND TURKIZATION PROCEDURE OF THE REGION
3. EMERGENCE OF THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND INVASION OF ANATOLIA BY TAMERLANE
4. RELATIONS BETWEEN THE OTTOMANS AND THE CENTRAL ASIAN KHANATES UP TO 19^th CENTURY

 X.    CENTRAL ASIA BETWEEN 12^th AND 16^th CENTURIES

1.  JENGHIZ KHAN, TAMERLANE AND THE TIMURIUS

    1.1    Jengiz Khan and The Mongolian Explosion

    1.2    Tamerlane Empire

    1.3    The Timurids, Successors of Tamerlane

 XI.    CENTRAL ASIA FROM THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO RUSSIAN

          INVASION

1.  THE SHAYBANIDS, UZBEKS, KAZAKHS AND NAKSHIBANDIYYA
2. THE KHANATES OF BUKHARA, KHIVA AND KHOKAND

  2.1   The Khanate of Bukhara

    2.2    The Khanate of Khiva

    2.3    The Khanate of Khokand

    3.    THE KYRGYZ AND THE TURKMEN

  3.1    The Kyrgyz

    3.2   The Turkmen

XII.    MAJOR EVENTS RELEVANT TO INNER ASIAN HISTORY FROM 12^th

         CENTURY TO 19^th CENTURY

 

XIII.  HISTORICAL CONCEPT, GEOGRAPHY AND THE EARLY HISTORY OF

        AZERBAIJAN

1. GEOGRAPHY OF THE CAUCASUS REGION
2. AZERBAIJAN’S REGIONAL CHARACTER
3. EARLIER HISTORY OF AZERBAIJAN
4. TURKOMAN MIGRATION AND SELJUK RULE
5. ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM UNDER SELJUK RULE
6. THE DEMISE OF SELJUK RULE AND THE MONGOL INVASION
7. THE END OF THE MONGOL ERA AND THE RISE OF SHIITE SAFAVID EMPIRE
8. THE KHANATES PERIOD IN AZERBAIJAN
9. EMERGENCE OF RUSSIA IN CAUCASIAN AFFAIRS
10. LEGACIES OF THE REGION

XIV.    MAJOR EVENTS RELEVANT TO AZERBAIJANI HISTORY FROM

           ANCIENT TIMES UP TO 1830

 

XV.     THE ROOTS OF THE RUSSIAN STATE SYSTEM AND POLICIES

           TOWARDS THE NON-RUSSIAN LANDS

1. CENTRALISATION

1.1    Absolutism

1.2    Autocracy

1.3    Despotism

    2.    MIR

    3.    ORTHODOX CHURCH

    4.     RUSSIFICATION

 XVI.    RUSSIAN INVASION OF AZERBAIJAN AND THE CONCEPT OF

            AZERBAIJANI IDENTITY

1. ADMINISTRATION OF THE REGION
2. SOCIAL STRUCTURE OF THE AZERI SOCIETY

2.1    Bazari

2.2    Peasants-Nomads

2.3    Working Class

    3.   ETHNIC STRUCTURE

    4.   ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CONFLICTS OF THE REGION UP TO 1917

    5.   ETHNIC CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE ARMENIANS AND THE MUSLIM

          COMMUNITY

    6.   THE RISE OF THE AZERBAIJANI INTELLIGENTSIA

    7.   IRAN AND AZERBIAJAN

    8.   THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENT AZERBAIJAN, 1914-1918

    9.   AZERBAIJAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC, 1918-1920

    10. IRAN, AZERBAIJAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC AND TURKEY

    11. TERRITORIAL DISPUTES

XVII.    RUSSIAN RULE OVER CENTRAL ASIA BETWEEN 1861-1921

1. ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEM AND THE ECONOMIC POLICY OF RUSSIANS IN CENTRAL ASIA
2. SOCIAL CONFLICTS IN THE REGION
3. THE JEDID MOVEMENT
4. SECRET SOCIETIES OF CENTRAL ASIA
5. 1917 REVOLUTION AND CENTRAL ASIA
6. OPPOSITION GROUPS IN CENTRAL ASIA
7. BASMACHI REVOLT AND ENVER PASHA

 XVIII.  CENTRAL ASIA UNDER SOVIET RULE

1. INTRODUCTION
2. QUESTION OF NATIONALITY IN COMMUNIST IDEOLOGY
3. CREATION OF “SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS” IN CENTRAL ASIA

XIX.     SOCIAL CHANGES AND DEVELOPMENTS IN CENTRAL ASIA

             DURING THE SOVIET PERIOD

1. SOVIET POLICIES AND THE MUSLIM COMMUNITY
2. RUSSIANS IN CENTRAL ASIA
3. THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND THE ETHNO-CULTURAL SITUATION OF THE RUSSIANS IN CENTRAL ASIA
4. STATISTICAL DATA REGARDING ETHNIC STRUCTURES OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS
5. DEMOGRAPHIC TRENDS IN CENTRAL ASIA DURING THE RUSSIAN AND SOVIET PERIOD

                          5.1     Demographical Statistics of Azerbaijan and Central Asia

    6.    ISLAM VERSUS COMMUNISM

    7.     LINGUISTICS, EDUCATION, ALPHABET AND RE-IDENTIFICATION

     7.1    Statistical Data Regarding Education in Central

               Asia During The Soviet Period

   8.    EMPLOYMENT BY NATIONALITY, STATUS OF WOMEN, AND MEDICAL

           CARE IN CENTRAL ASIA

    8.1    Employment By Nationality

    8.2    Status of Women

    8.3    Medical Care

XX.    ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS IN CENTRAL ASIA, 1922-1989

1. AGRICULTURE AND ANIMAL HUSBANDRY

    1.1    Irrigation Projects

    1.2    Animal Husbandry

    1.3    Virgin Lands

    1.4    Private Farming

    2.     INDUSTRIALISATION

    3.    COTTON (WHITE GOLD)

    4.    INCOME OF THE POPULATION

    5.    HOUSING

    6.    TRADE AND PUBLIC CATERING

    7.    STATISTICAL DATA REGARDING ECONOMIC CHANGES AND

           DEVELOPMENTS IN THE NISIA COUNTRIES IN SOVIET PERIOD

    7.1    Uzbek SSR

    7.2    Kazakh SSR

    7.3    Kyrgyz SSR

    7.4    Turkmen SSR

    7.5    Azerbaijan SSR

XXI.   POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS IN CENTRAL ASIA DURING THE SOVIET

           RULE

1.  ISLAMIC REVIVAL IN CENTRAL ASIA

 XXII. AZERBAIJAN UNDER SOVIET RULE

    1.    INTERGATION OF THE REGION INTO SOVIET UNION AND SETTLEMENT

         OF NAKHICHEVAN AND KARABAGH DISPUTES

1.1    Territorial Disputes

1.1.1    Nakhichevan

1.1.2    Karabagh

   2.     TRANSCAUCASIAN SOVIET FEDERATED SOCIALIST REPUBLIC

           (1922-1936)

    3.    THE DEMISE OF THE TSFSR

    4.    THE NATIONALITY QUESTION

    5.    THE MUSAVAT UNDER SOCIALIST RULE

    6.    ECONOMIC POLICY UNTIL THE SECOND WORLD WAR

    7.    RELIGIOUS POLICY UNTIL THE SECOND WORLD WAR

    8.    IRANIAN AZERBAIJAN FROM 1921 UNTIL SECOND WORLD WAR

    9.    SECOND WORLD WAR AND AZERBAIJAN

  10.    IRANIAN AZERBAIJAN DURING AND AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR

  11.    AZERBAIJAN AUTONOMOUS REPUBLIC IN IRAN

  12.    DEVELOPMENTS UNTIL THE GORBACHEV ERA

12.1    Developments After Baghirov

12.2    Haydar Aliyev Period, 1969-1987

12.2.1    Population Growth

12.2.2    Education Policy

 XXIII.    DEMISE OF THE USSR, BASIC REASONS AND IMPACTS

1.  STRUCTURAL AND ECONOMIC DISTORTIONS

1.1      Economic Situation After mid-1980’s

    2.      SOCIAL PROBLEMS

2.1    Shadow Economy and Organized Crime

2.2    Alcohol Abuse in the USSR

2.3    Environmental Problems

 XXIV.    END OF SOVIET RULE IN AZERBAIJAN AND POLITICAL

               DEVELOPMENTS UP TO 1998

1. AZERBAIJANI POPULAR FRONT (AP F) UNTIL 1993
2. NAGORNO-KARABAGH CONFLICT

2.1    The Impact of the Nagorno-Karabagh Conflict Over

        Azerbaijan; The Problem of Refugees

    3.    THE RETURN OF HAYDAR ALIYEV

    4.     DEVELOPMENTS IN ALIYEV ERA

4.1    Aliyev’s Policy Towards Russia

4.2    Aliyev’s Policy Towards West

4.3    Aliyev’s Policy Towards Turkey

4.4    Aliyev’s Strategy Towards Iran

    5.    THE ATTITUDES OF RELATED COUNTRIES TOWARDS AZERBAIJAN

           UNTIL 1997

5.1    Russia

5.2    Turkey

5.3    Iran

XXV.    CENTRAL ASIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

1. INTRODUCTION
2. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS
3. RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND CENTRAL ASIA AND THE RUSSIAN EMIGRATION
4. THE PROBLEMS OF CREATING ECONOMIES AND CURRENCY REFORMS IN CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS
5. POTENTIAL ETHNIC AND BORDER DISPUTES BETWEEN CENTRAL ASIAN REPUBLICS AND HOPES OF COOPERATION
6. INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
7. ISLAM
8. ALPHABET AND LANGUAGE
9. LEADERS, POLITICAL STRUGGLES AND POLICIES

9.1    Uzbekistan

9.2    Kazakstan

9.3    Kyrgyzstan

9.4    Turkmenistan

XXVI.    COUNTRY PROFILES

1. UZBEKISTAN
2. TURKMENISTAN
3. AZERBAIJAN
4. KYRGYZSTAN
5. KAZAKSTAN
6. GENERAL ECONOMIC OUTLOOK OF THE NISIA COUNTRIES

XXVII.    ENERGY

1. THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY RESOURCES IN THE REGION
2. TRANSPORTATION ROUTES
3. LEGAL STATUS OF THE CASPIAN SEA
4. EXPORT ROUTES ALREADY UNDER CONSIDERATION

4.2    AIOC “Early” Oil Routes

4.3    Main Export Pipeline (MEP)

    5.    CASPIAN PIPELINE CONSORTIUM

    6.     TURMENISTAN-AFGHANISTAN-PAKISTAN

    7.    LONG-TERM OPTIONS FOR TRANSPORTATION ROUTES

7.1    Cross-Caspian Pipelines

7.2    Pipeline Through China

7.3    Gas Pipelines Through Turkey

    8.    KAZAKHSTAN AND OIL PIPELINES

    9.    THE OIL CONTRACTS CONCLUDED BY AZERBAIJAN

  10.    OFFICIAL TURKISH STANCE TOWARDS THE ISSUE OF

           TRANSPORTATION VIA THE BOSPHORUS

  11.    CONCLUSION

XXVIII.    RELATIONS BETWEEN THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY AND NISIA

                COUNTRIES AFTER THE DISSOLUTION OF THE USSR

1. ECONOMIC RELATIONS

1.1    Introduction

1.2    Statistical Data

    2.    ECONOMIC RELATIONS BY COUNTRIES

2.1    Kazakhstan

2.2    Uzbekistan

2.3    Turkmenistan

2.4    Azerbaijan

2.5    Kyrgyzstan

    3.    THE DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED BY TURKISH FIRMS AND

           BUSINESSMEN WORKING IN NISIA COUNTRIES

    4.    CULTURAL AFFAIRS BETWEEN TURKEY AND NISIA COUNTRIES

4.1    Introduction

 

4.2   General Information About the Students From

        NISIA Countries Studying in Turkey

 

4.3   General Information About The Student From NISIA

         Countries Cited From Special Report Prepared

         About The Foreign Students Studying in Turkey,

         For The Minister of State and General Directorate

         of High Schools, Dormitories and Scholarships

 

4.4   The Results of The Surveys Applied To Students

         Studying At Turkish Secondary Schools

 

4.5   The Results of the Surveys Applied To Students

         Studying at Turkish University

 

4.6   The Results of The Surveys Concluded By TOMER

 

4.7   Education Institutions Established In The NISIA

        Countries By Turkish Private / Public Sector and

        The Exchange of Academicians Between Turkey

        and The NISIA Countries

 

4.8   Conclusion

5.   POLITICAL RELATIONS BETWEEN TURKEY AND NISIA

       COUNTRIES AFTER INDEPENDENCE

5.1   Introduction

5.2   Military-Strategic, Political, Economic and

        Political-Religious Interests of Turkey in Central

        Asia and Near Abroad

5.3   The Turning Point

5.4   Conflicting Interests of Turkey and Iran in the

        Region

XXIX.    SCENARIOS FOR CENTRAL ASIA AND AZERBAIJAN

1. CENTRAL ASIA

1.1    External Influences, policies and Interests

1.1.1    Iran

1.1.2    Russia

1.1.3    Pakistan

1.1.4    India

1.1.5    China

1.1.6    The Arab World

1.1.7    Israel

1.1.8    The Far East

1.1.9    USA and The Western Camp

1.2    Regional Factors and Interrelationships

1.2.1   Kazakhstan

1.2.2    Uzbekistan

1.2.3   Turkmenistan

1.2.4   Kyrgyzstan

1.3    Prospects For Regional Stability

1.4    Conclusion

2.    AZERBAIJAN

2.1    External Factors that Could Affect Azerbaijan

2.1.1   Russian Federation

2.1.2   Turkey

2.1.3   Iran

2.1.4   Armenia

2.1.5   USA and The Western Camp

2.2    Domestic Affairs That Could Affect Azerbaijan

2.2.1   The Issue of Democratization in

          Azerbaijan

2.2.2   The Impact of Karabagh Dispute Over

           Azeri Society and Politics

2.2.3   The Economic Outlook of Azerbaijan

2.2.4   The Ethnic Minorities

 

2.3    Conclusion

XXX.    CONCLUSION

CONTRIBUTING PAPERS

1.    AZERBAIJAN

1.1    "Republic of Azerbaijan", Prof Dr Samir

          Gasimoğlu, Philologist, Member of Azerbaijan

         Academy of Sciences.

1.2   "Azerbaijan On The Threshold of The Third

          Millennium; A Political-Economic Survey" Rafik

          Ismailov, Candidate of Science In Philological

          Sciences.

2.    KAZAKSTAN

2.1    "Historical Development of Kazakhstan; Problems

          And Alternatives", Professor K.A.Jirenchin,

          Kazakhstan State University, Faculty of Law.

2.2   "Kazakhstan, Past And Present", Prof. Dr. Serik

          Mashimbayev, Kazakh National University, Head

          of Near History Department.

3.    KYRGYZSTAN

3.1    "Kyrgyzstan, On The Way To Democracy And

           Market Economy", Prof. Dr. Karibek Moldobayev,

           Rector of The Kyrgyz-Turkish University

          “Manas”.

 

3.2   "Kyrgyzstan, Yesterday And Today", Bahtigul

          Kalambekova, Ph.D. In Economics.

4.    TURKMENISTAN

4.1   "Past And Future of Turkmenistan; A Brief History

          of The Country Starting From The Ancient Stages

          of History", Ass. Prof. Dr. G. Annaklichev, Ministry

          of Foreign Affairs of Republic of Turkmenistan,

          Chief of The Republic of Turkey Section; Ass.

          Prof. Dr. S. Suleymanov, Ashgabad University,

          Department of History.

5.    UZBEKISTAN

5.1   "Role of The State In Political-Legal Reforms",

          Prof. Rustam Jumaev First Deputy Rector, The

          Academy of State And Social Construction Under

          The President of Republic of Uzbekistan.

5.2    "What Kind of Society Do We Build?", Prof. Dr.

          Sayid Shermukhamedov, President of Uzbekistan

          Philosophical Society.

MAPS

1.    LIST OF MAPS

 PHOTOS

 BIBLIOGRAPHY